All electrical devices used in production can be divided into 3 groups: control, monitoring and protection devices. The devices of the first group are divided into manual and remote control devices. The second group includes various sensors and relays that perform the functions of sensors. The devices of the third group protect electrical installations from various emergency operating modes (short circuits, current overloads, voltage increase and decrease, etc.).

The most common electrical devices in electrical installations are electromagnetic starters, electromagnetic relays, control buttons, circuit breakers and thermal relays. These are the most popular electrical appliances. A huge number of them are released all over the world. They are designed for remote control of various power loads, most often electric motors, but are also used to control other powerful consumers ...

This article shows an example of three simple programs for programmable logic controllers (PLCs). All programs are written to automate control systems for various installations in the industry. They are educational in nature and can be used to teach PLC programming. Earlier on this topic, we considered several typical solutions in PLC programs that can be used to control electric motors.

This collection covers automation of the following processes: an automatic system for dropping bottles, automatic pigment color selection, and automation of a ventilation system. All programs are written inCodeysin the language of ladder diagrams. In the first installationa conveyor belt is used to move bottles from one station to another. But before the bottles get to the gas station, it is necessary to make all the bottles worthwhile for further filling. A falling bottle on a conveyor can create a problem ...

Accounting for electric energy may open up new opportunities for improving the efficiency of the enterprise. At the same time, modern solutions in this matter, integrated with advanced software, can not only transmit accurate data for each unit of energy consumption, but even warn of possible equipment malfunctions, thereby predicting possible breakdowns and failure.

This and not only distinguishes modern electricity metering systems from traditional ones, which we will try to understand in this article. Typically, the electricity metering system is represented by meters that directly capture data on energy consumption, as well as data transmission elements and their further processing on the computer of the main power engineer. The disadvantage of such a system is that there are many counter manufacturers on the market ...

For an inexperienced layman who was fortunate enough to never be struck by lightning in his life, a thunderstorm appears to be just a flash of light and peals of thunder. In fact, lightning is a rather complex natural phenomenon.

At first, from the cloud, the “leader” is rapidly falling, as it were, down to earth. The leader is the starting part of the lightning discharge. Having walked about a hundred meters, the leader slows down to accumulate energy, gain a charge, then he moves further, turns away from space with air of greater resistance - where there is less resistance, passes the following stages, and in the end goes all the way, which can reach tens of kilometers . Moving ever closer to the earth, and already at a distance of several tens of meters from its surface, the leader causes an oncoming (induced) electric discharge of the opposite sign ...

The circuit breaker is so familiar to us that it seems that there is nothing interesting in it. But before the switch acquired its modern look and settled in every home, in offices, schools, shopping centers and enterprises, it went through a long evolution.

The first line circuit breaker was invented by the American Charles Grafton Page. In 1838, he created a breaker - in fact, a mercury tank with a contact rod. As the current increased, an electromagnetic field appeared, causing the rod to rise from the mercury. The circuit opened, and when the magnetic field disappeared, all the elements returned to their places. Later prototypes of fuses appeared. Their device was patented by Thomas Edison in 1880: a fusible insert made of foil or wire was placed in a glass flask. Outwardly, the fuse resembled a familiar light bulb, but with seeming primitiveness it provided a network break ...

In order to better and more accurately automate current protection, as well as to monitor the state of current protection of electrical equipment, in addition to circuit breakers, additional devices to them are useful. As such devices, block contacts, undervoltage releases and independent releases are used.

These devices are produced today by many manufacturers of circuit breakers, which allows, in principle, to immediately get an automatic machine with advanced functionality, you just need to attach an auxiliary module to it. A contact block is a separate modular block, inside of which there is one or several contacts controlled mechanically from a circuit breaker installed in the vicinity. The contacts inside the block can be closing and / or opening. Typically, these modules are designed for switching AC up to 6 amperes ...

The first mention of the word “joystick” in the context of narrations about a swinging control element in aviation is found, for example, in Robert Loren, who wrote in 1910 about a tied central lever to prevent accidental take-off. One version of the name of this lever says that the joystick got it in honor of the inventor by the name of George - George stick, and then they began to call it more briefly - “joystick” - a stick of joy, as a symbol of the joy of flight.

The first use of this kind of tilt knot was realized on Confederate submarines for steering. In 1943, the Nazis used an electric joystick to control a joystick-type rocket. Later, in the 1960s, electric joysticks began to be introduced everywhere, starting with radio-controlled aircraft models and ending with electric wheelchairs. Today, the joystick is most associated with a computer data input device ...

With this article, we begin a series of training materials for creating programs for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in the CodeSys environment. It is best to learn how to program PLCs using real-life practical examples.

Consider a few simple programs that you can use to control squirrel cage induction motors. To create the programs, we will use the LD ladder diagram language in CodeSys. Ladder Diagram Language, LD) in the Russian-language documentation for the PLC is often called the language of relay-contact circuits (RCS). This graphic language was created in the 70s. XX century and first of all it was created for electricians, who at that time had to upgrade relay-contact circuits with discrete devices (relays, timers, counters, etc.) into circuits using PLCs. He has been a leader in popularity for a long time ...