A microcontroller is a special microcircuit designed to control various electronic devices. Microcontrollers first appeared in the same year as general-purpose microprocessors (1971). The microcontroller developers came up with an ingenious idea - to combine the processor, memory, ROM and peripherals inside one enclosure that looks like a regular microcircuit. Since then, the production of microcontrollers annually many times exceeds the production of processors, and the need for them has not decreased.

Microcontrollers are produced by dozens of companies, and not only modern 32-bit microcontrollers are produced, but also 16, and even 8-bit ones (like i8051 and analogues). Within each family, you can often find almost identical models that differ in CPU speed and memory size ...

The New Year is coming soon! On the shelves of stores next to tangerines, sweets and champagne, Christmas toys appear: colorful balls, tinsel, all kinds of flags, beads and, of course, electric garlands. Perhaps the usual garland of multi-colored light bulbs cannot be bought. But various flashing lights, mainly of Chinese manufacture, simply can not be counted. Microscopic bulbs can be placed on a piece of cardboard or woven into a carpet of wires, which can decorate an entire window immediately.

Christmas tree garlands are also very diverse, especially the external design, design. The cost of such garlands is small, as, in fact, the power of the bulbs. Most garlands have a small plastic box with one button, a cord with a power plug and wires going to a garland of colorful lights. Garland design can be the most diverse. ...

New Year holidays come as always unexpectedly and bring with them a lot of pleasant trouble. It’s time to think about gifts, first of all for children, for adults to set the table, pick up good music and be sure to put a Christmas tree, which to dress up, so that the guests would have fun and cozy. And the first thing to hang on the tree is, of course, Christmas tree garlands. All other toys, as a rule, are hung after garlands. Next, we will talk about the device of a variety of different Christmas garlands - old and modern.

In ancient times, when there was no electricity, and the New Year was already celebrated, special New Year candles were lit on the Christmas tree. This decoration was very fire hazard. But these times have already passed, everyone began to use electric garlands. These were ordinary small bulbs from a flashlight or from the backlight of a scale in a radio receiver, connected in series. From such bulbs, garlands were made by enthusiasts ...

Electricity comes to our houses and apartments through electric wires of overhead or cable lines from transformer substations. The configuration of these networks has a significant impact on the operational characteristics of the system and, especially, the safety of people and household appliances.

In electrical installations, there is always the technical possibility of equipment damage, emergency conditions, and electrical injuries by humans. Proper organization of the grounding system reduces the risk of risk, maintain health, and eliminate damage to home appliances. By its purpose, this scheme is designed for such a case when other common systems TN-S, TN-C-S, TN-C cannot provide a high degree of security.This is very clearly indicated in paragraph PUE 1.7.57 ...

When operating a domestic and industrial electrical network, there are always risks of electric injuries or equipment damage. They can occur at any time when critical conditions appear. To reduce such consequences allow protective devices. Their use significantly increases the safety of using electricity. Electric circuit protection works on the basis of: fuse, mechanical circuit breaker.

Two brilliant scientists Joule and Lenz simultaneously established the laws of mutual relations between the magnitude of the passing current in the conductor and the release of heat from it, revealing the dependences on the circuit resistance and the duration of the time interval. Their conclusions made it possible to create the simplest protective structures based on the thermal effect of current on the metal of the wire. Electrical fuses use ...

What is common between a rusty nail, a rusted bridge, or a leaking iron fence? Why do iron structures and iron products rust in general? What is rust per se? We will try to give answers to these questions in our article. Let us consider the causes of metal rusting and methods of protection against this natural phenomenon that is harmful to us.

It all starts with metal mining. Not only iron, but also, for example, aluminum, and magnesium are mined initially in the form of ore. Aluminum, manganese, iron, magnesium ores do not contain pure metals, but their chemical compounds: carbonates, oxides, sulfides, hydroxides. These are chemical compounds of metals with carbon, oxygen, sulfur, water, etc. There are one, two, and pure metals in nature — platinum, gold, silver — precious metals — they occur in the form of metals in a free state, and do not tend to education ...

Did you know that the possession of any aluminum product, such as a profile, a sleeve, a spoon or an element of accessories, in the 19th century would already have made you quite a wealthy person? Today, of course, it is well known that aluminum is very common around the world, but before it was valued more than gold. But the thing is that there is no aluminum in pure metal form in the earth’s crust, although in the form of chemical compounds it makes up almost 8% of the earth’s crust.

In ancient times, double aluminum salts (then they were not called so) - alum - were widely used to solve various problems, although aluminum was not discussed as such. The trivalent metal present in the salts allowed the use of alum for various purposes, and even today alum is used in antibacterial soap, in after-shave lotions, in baking powder. Aluminum potassium alum has been widely used ...

In the practice of any home master, questions periodically arise related to the finalization of the electrical circuit, when it is necessary to install an additional outlet, hang a new lamp or completely remodel the room. The question immediately arises: how is the wiring diagram of the electrical wires made, where should I connect to it?

The situation is aggravated when the building is old, the apartment was replaced by several owners, each of whom carried out repairs to his taste. As a result, inside the decorative coatings are hidden all points of electrical wiring, and the routes of laying its cables and wires are unknown. Any wiring is created by common methods and something, but it differs from all other laying schemes. The basis for creating electrical wiring is an electrical distribution panel, to which electricity is supplied from the supplying organization.It can be installed on input ...