To calculate the illumination of various surfaces, it is sometimes very convenient to consider light sources as point sources. But in reality, there are no point sources of light, they always have some specific size and their own shape. A lamp, a chandelier, a floor lamp, a searchlight, etc. are real, that is, not point sources of light that cannot be characterized only by the power of light.

If, for example, we consider a luminous ball located in the distance, and compare it with another luminous ball, with exactly the same intensity of light, but of a different diameter, it turns out that although the balls create the same illumination at equal distances, nevertheless for the observer they they look different: a ball of a smaller diameter looks brighter than a larger ball. The reason for this phenomenon is that although the luminous intensity of the balls is the same, one of them has a larger radiating surface ...

A microwave is one of the most commonly used electrical appliances in the kitchen. Once again, you put food on warming up - the microwave is buzzing habitually, the lights are working inside, the food plate is spinning, but after the time set on the timer, the food remains cold. What to do in this case? The failure of the microwave oven causes a number of inconveniences, so many people prefer to try to repair the microwave oven on their own, saving not only time, but also money.

Why doesn't the microwave heat food? Consider the possible causes of malfunctioning microwaves with mechanical control. We also give a good example of troubleshooting a microwave oven. If the microwave oven works, but does not heat food, then first of all you need to make sure that the voltage in the network is not too low. Very often, the conclusion about a malfunction of the microwave is erroneously made ...

LED strip is one of the most popular solutions for the manufacture of decorative lighting or economical main lighting systems today. It can be the light in the apartment or the backlight in the car, the luminous strip under the ceiling or near the bookshelf, finally the festive decoration of the facade of the house or the New Year's lighting of the composition on the street - you can just decorate anything with LED tapes, you just need to choose these tapes correctly for this or that application.

In this article we will talk about choosing LED strips for various purposes, note important aspects of the choice, and warn the consumer against possible errors. First, you need to decide if you need a single-color or multi-color LED strip. Monochrome ribbons shine in a specific color: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue, violet or white ...

If you look at today's industrial energy, if you pay attention to the dynamics of developments in the field of alternative energy, you can easily notice that such a stereotype has long been formed here: a flat river is basically not suitable for generating power at hydroelectric power plants.

Large hydropower plants are being built using equipment originally designed to produce large electrical capacities at steep edges or on mountain rivers, where the water flow rate reaches at least 2 m / s. Generator sets for such hydropower plants are not suitable for operation on a relatively weak stream of a lowland river.For these purposes (for any rivers), only hiking toys are sold for charging a couple of watts of cell phones ... Of course, to build a dam for the subsequent construction of an industrial hydroelectric power station is an expensive undertaking, it will pay for itself for a long time, and there’s no point in building it ...

One of the popular PLC programming languages ​​- programmable logic controllers, is the graphic language of functional block diagrams FBD - Function Block Diagram. This language, along with other languages ​​of the IEC 61131-3 standard, such as for example the ladder logic (LD) language, uses in its architecture a kind of electronic circuit.

A program written in this language for the controller consists of a certain list of circuits that are executed one after the other from top to bottom. In addition, there is the possibility of assigning labels to individual chains, in this case, the use of instructions to go to the label will be available in order to change the sequence of execution of chains, and create conditions and cycles. Thus, a program written in the graphic language FBD is a set of functional blocks connected to each other, the outputs and inputs of which are connected by communication lines ...

When venturing the ceiling at home or in the office, we often opt for a stretch ceiling made of PVC. And here it is important to decide in advance which fixtures to install and how many will be required. In this sense, LED spotlights are one of the most economical solutions today due to their high light output and durability.

First of all, even before installing the stretch ceiling, they lay electrical wiring for future lighting. This is done according to a pre-designed scheme: the number of bulbs, their location, rated power. However, this process has its own peculiarities, subtleties and nuances, which will be discussed later. The number of LED fixtures is selected based on the area and purpose of the room in order to obtain sufficient illumination, and taking into account the restrictions on the heating temperature of PVC - it should not exceed 60 ° C ...

Surviving the aftermath of World War II, Britain entered a massive housing restructuring program because many of the houses were simply destroyed as a result of the war. An acute shortage of copper forced material to be saved, and engineers had to come up with a wiring diagram that would allow the use of the available copper in the most optimal cost-effective way. Moreover, it was necessary to get wiring for normal operation with 13-amp sockets equipped with fuses.

BS1363 sockets and plugs with a fuse with rectangular contacts were then a popular unified solution, and a wiring diagram was developed for them from 1942 to 1947. So the ring wiring was developed, allowing the connection of a pair of electric heaters with a capacity of 3 kW each, in any of two places in the house, and allowing ...

The dishwasher in the process deals with water and electricity - this is a deadly combination. Therefore, it is necessary to approach the stage of connecting the dishwasher to the mains with all responsibility, make the connection correctly so that the operation of the appliance is as safe as possible for people. At the same time, the connection must be reliable - once connected and forgot. In this article, we give recommendations that will help to properly connect the dishwasher to the mains.

The dishwasher is one of the most dangerous electrical appliances in terms of electrical safety. Therefore, when connecting to the mains, it is first necessary to ensure the grounding of this appliance. That is, one of the main requirements for wiring is the presence of a working protective ground. Often they make a gross mistake - they connect a dishwasher ...