AVR is the name of the popular Atmel family of microcontrollers. In addition to ABP, microcontrollers (hereinafter MK) and other architectures, for example, ARM and i8051, are produced under this brand. There are three types of microcontrollers AVR 8-bit, AVR 32-bit and AVR xMega.

For more than a decade, the most popular is the 8-bit MK family. Many hams began to study microcontrollers from him. Almost all of them learned the world of programmable controllers by doing their simple crafts, such as LED flashing lights, thermometers, clocks, as well as simple automation, such as controlling lighting and heating appliances. Microcontrollers AVR 8-bit, in turn, are divided into two popular families: Attiny - the name shows that the youngest (tiny - young, young, younger), mainly have 8 pins or more. The volume of their memory and functionality is usually more modest ...

The electrician in his practice is faced with completely different cases, which sometimes reach the point of absurdity. After all, you can never foresee what might happen to electrical equipment during its operation. Equipment is three-phase and single-phase - these types are most common.

However, it is worth noting that their breakdowns are either the same or have similar causes. The most common element in the electrical equipment of an industrial enterprise was and remains (perhaps forever) an electric motor, let's look at the causes of their breakdowns. Problems with electric motors. Situation: voltage comes to the electric motor, but it does not work or does not work properly. Start inspecting the boxes on the motor housing where the cable is supplied and disconnecting the star or triangle circuit. Oxidation or burning of contacts. You need to clean them and make a trial run ...

An electric generator is a machine or installation designed to convert non-electric energy into electrical energy: mechanical energy into electrical energy, chemical energy into electrical energy, heat energy into electrical energy, etc. Today, when we mainly use the word “generator”, we mean a mechanical converter energy into electrical energy.

It can be a diesel or gasoline portable generator, a nuclear power plant generator, a car generator, a homemade generator from an asynchronous electric motor, or a low-speed generator for a low-power wind turbine. At the end of the article, we will consider as an example the two most common generators, but first, let's talk about the principles of their work. One way or another, from a physical point of view, the principle of operation of each of the mechanical generators is one and the same: the phenomenon of electromagnetic inductionwhen when crossing the magnetic field lines ...

In any village on the streets there are lighting devices. As a rule, these are powerful lights installed in accordance with the requirements of the infrastructure. Turning on and off the lighting fixtures at the right time becomes possible thanks to the use of a time relay. Similarly, it is possible to automate the lighting of a personal plot and it is easy to make optimization - in some places add motion or presence sensors - this will significantly reduce energy consumption.

The heart of the lighting automation system is the control cabinet. Here, circuits are established that are responsible for monitoring the loads, for distributing power, for protecting the luminaire relays from power surges and short circuits.This is a kind of automated control panel. The control cabinet equipment needs to be serviced and updated from time to time so that the cable functions ...

Professor at Duke University (Durham, North Carolina, USA) Yaroslav Urzhumov proposed a method for amplifying the magnetic component of electromagnetic waves without increasing their electrical component. The fact is that biological tissues for magnetic fields are transparent, and it would be useful to learn how to strengthen precisely the magnetic component of electromagnetic waves.

This would open the way to the creation of safe levitating trains, to the construction of new wireless energy transmission systems, and to the solution of a number of other problems where there is a need for strong alternating magnetic fields, and at the same time it should be safe for humans. New systems will be more economical and safer than existing analogues. To obtain the desired result, Yaroslav Urzhumov proposed the use of magnetically active metamaterial, due to which it is possible to obtain sufficiently strong ...

Lead-acid batteries are fairly widespread both as traction batteries (for example, to power electric forklifts) and as starter batteries for cars. Uninterruptible and backup power systems for homes and enterprises also use lead-acid batteries.

Systems of autonomous power supply of houses often contain a high-capacity battery, or an assembly of several hundred ampere hours, designed to provide long-term power supply to the home. Such a battery can be charged from various alternative sources of electricity, such as a solar panel unit, a wind generator and others, and the battery is discharged traditionally through a powerful inverter, from which consumers are supplied with alternating current of industrial frequency and standard mains voltage ...

Insulation resistance is one of the most important parameters of cables and wires, because during operation, power and signal cables are always subject to various external influences. In addition, in addition to external influences, the influence of the cores inside the cable on each other, their electrical interaction, which inevitably leads to leaks, is constantly present. Adding factors that affect the quality of insulation here, we get a more complete picture.

For these reasons, the cables are always protected by dielectric insulation, which include: rubber, pvc, paper, oil, etc. - depending on the purpose of the cable, on the operating voltage, on the type of current, etc. For example, underground distribution telephone lines are made with armored tape cable, and some telecommunication cables are enclosed in an aluminum sheath to protect against external current interference ...

One of the stages of repairs in an apartment or a private house is the decoration of the ceiling. Before installing the ceiling, it is necessary to determine the location of the fixtures. The main task in this case is to provide the desired level of illumination in each of the rooms, while satisfying your wishes regarding their placement. In this article, we will consider the question of how to arrange lamps on the ceiling.

The options for the location of the fixtures, first of all, depend on their type. There are standard spotlights built-in type, as well as decorative, differing in material and version. A decorative lamp, like a chandelier, scatters the light evenly around the surface.Conventional built-in lamps, as a rule, scatter a directed beam of light, they can be of a non-rotary type or a rotary one, which allows you to direct ...