In electronics, signals are divided into: analog, discrete and digital. To begin with, all that we feel, see, hear, for the most part, is an analog signal, and what a computer processor sees is a digital signal. It doesn’t sound very clear, so let's deal with these definitions and how one type of signal is converted to another.

In electrical representation, an analog signal, judging by its name, is an analog of a real value. For example, you feel the temperature of the environment constantly, throughout your life. There are no breaks. At the same time, you feel not only two levels of “hot” and “cold”, but an infinite number of sensations that describe this value.For a person, “cold” can be different, this is autumn coolness and winter frost, and light frosts, but not always “cold” is a negative temperature, like “heat” ...

In all power grids, voltage surges periodically occur that can damage electrical equipment. Network surges for electronics are especially dangerous. To protect themselves from them, people use stabilizers and voltage relays. Voltage relay - a device that disconnects the mains from the load with abnormal voltage values ​​in it.

On modern common voltage relays there is a display or a group of seven-segment LED indicators and several buttons for setting the operating mode. The display or indicators usually show voltage. Less often, there are two of them, and the second displays the current. You can configure the extreme voltage values ​​(upper and lower limits) at which you need to turn off the power to consumers. Depending on the model, LEDs can be installed to indicate network status, operation mode and current position in the setup menu ...

The issue of remote or remote control of electrical equipment has always been and will be relevant, regardless of whether there are automation tools in the system or not. To organize remote control, it does not matter at all whether a microcontroller is needed, it all depends on the necessary functions assigned to the managed device. In this article, you will learn general information about how to remotely control a microcontroller.

There are two main types of remote communications. Wired - when the control of actuators located in one room (or not the room) is carried out from the control panel or from a button post located in another place. In this case, an electrical wire connection of the control circuits and actuators (relays, contactors, which include mechanisms, such as motors or systems, such as lighting) is provided ...

The humidity in the bathroom is always high, and after you bathe you need to dry a towel. Towel dryers are used for this. If you have a classic “water” heated towel rail, you are familiar with the problem when it also gets cold with the end of the heating season. You have to take towels to the balcony, and this is not always convenient and not always possible, and not everyone has balconies.

To dry things and towels in the bathroom all year round, you need to install an electric heated towel rail. In addition to the main task, drying fabrics, these devices are also used as a source of additional room heating. Let's figure out what they are and how to connect it correctly.Still, the choice of a heated towel rail is based on its technical and functional characteristics.. In addition to drying clothes and towels, it can be used ...

Arduino is a universal platform for homemade products on microcontrollers. There are many shields (expansion cards) and sensors to it. This diversity allows you to make a number of interesting projects aimed at improving your life and increasing its comfort. The areas of application of the board are unlimited: automation, security systems, systems for collecting and analyzing data, and more.

From this article you will learn what can be done interesting on Arduino. Which projects will become spectacular and which will be useful. Cleaning the apartment is a routine and unattractive, especially since it takes time. You can save it if you put a part of the household chores on the robot. This robot was assembled by an electronic engineer from Sochi - Dmitry Ivanov. Structurally, it turned out to be quite high quality and is not inferior in effectiveness to factory analogues. To build it you will need: Arduino Pro-mini, or any other similar ...

A heat shrink tube is a material for insulating electrical connections. It is used instead of electrical tape, but paired with it provides reliable and durable insulation. The principle of operation of the heat shrink tube is to change its size when heated. It is also called shrink or shrink cambric.

Shrinkage replaced the classic cambric. Previously, pvc cambric was used for marking and insulation of wires. For marking purposes, it was actively used in automotive wiring and relay circuits, in switchboards. On it inscriptions well kept marker or felt-tip pen. When installing household wiring in junction boxes, they were also used. At the same time, cambric was put on a twist, its end was heated and squeezed with pliers, after which it was glued, and the part that was on the side of the wires was wrapped with electrical tape.Shrink is available in different colors. ...

To repair the old wiring or laying a new one, you need to select the cable of the desired cross section in order to withstand the expected load. If the old wiring is out of order you need to replace it, but before changing it to a similar one, find out why there was a problem with the old one. It is possible that there was simply mechanical damage, or the insulation became unusable, and an even more significant problem is the failure of the wiring due to exceeding the permissible load.

What is the difference between cable products, what are the main characteristics? To begin with, it is determined what voltage in the network in which the cables will work. For household networks, cables and wires of the VVG, PUGNP type are often used (only it is forbidden by modern PUE requirements due to the large tolerances on the cross-section during production, up to 30%, and the permissible insulation layer thickness is 0.3 mm, against 0.4 in PUE) ШВВП and others. If you move away from the definitions, the wire from the cable differs minimally ...

Types, characteristics, marking of SMD LEDs Lighting is an important condition for work and human comfort. For a long time, incandescent lamps were used as light sources, then fluorescent lamps; for high-power spotlights and lamps, halogen lamps, DRL and DNaT were used.

In the 21st century, there has been a change in the generation of lighting fixtures, and LED lamps occupy more than half of the market, they are often referred to in a foreign manner as LED lamps or lamps.Depending on the design and power, they are either LED COB-matrices, or assemblies of individual LEDs. The first LED fixtures and lamps were built on the basis of 5-mm output LEDs. They did not differ in high energy efficiency, price and reliability, but this was the first step in the development of a new light source. For a long time, such LEDs were used as indicators ...