Very sophisticated, capacious, often quite powerful lighting systems are always needed to illuminate streets and industrial premises. In connection with the data, which has already become a traditional state of affairs, the logical question arises: is it possible to make these systems less energy-intensive, more economical, and so that at the same time they would remain sufficiently durable.

The answer to this question is logical: yes, this is possible if the transition to more modern, more advanced and economical light sources is ensured. It is already clear (based on at least 15 years of experience) that these new light sources have a very high working resource, and their optical characteristics are preserved for at least 10 years. We are talking about LED light sources. Until recently, a variety of discharge lamps have traditionally been used everywhere for street and industrial lighting ...

The invention of the laser can rightfully be considered one of the most significant discoveries of the 20th century. Even at the very beginning of the development of this technology, they already prophesied a completely versatile applicability, from the very beginning the prospect of solving a variety of problems was visible, despite the fact that some tasks were not even visible on the horizon at that time.

Medicine and astronautics, thermonuclear fusion and the latest weapons systems are just some of the areas in which the laser is successfully used today. Let's see where the laser found its application, and see the greatness of this wonderful invention, which owes its appearance to a number of scientists. Monochromatic laser radiation can be obtained in principle with any wavelength, both in the form of a continuous wave of a certain frequency and in the form of short pulses, lasting up to fractions of a femtosecond. Focusing on the test sample ...

In those areas where it is problematic or impractical to connect to a centralized power grid, especially in solar regions, people often resort to using solar panels in their private farms. Solar panels convert the energy of solar radiation into electricity, and thus allow the consumer to receive electricity for their own needs, regardless of the state power grid.

But due to the fact that the generation of electricity on solar panels is uneven (at different times of the day, and also depending on cloud cover and current climatic conditions), the person has to accumulate the received energy all the time in high-capacity batteries. Such batteries are expensive, and their life is limited. Lead batteries will work in such a system for about 5 years, and lithium batteries - for about 10 years, but they also cost 5 times more expensive than lead ones ...

If you try to start the washing machine, but nothing happens, you need to make sure that the indicators on the display or the LEDs on the front panel of the washing machine are on. If the indicators do not light, check that there is voltage in the outlet. With an indicator screwdriver, you will only check the presence of a phase, so you need a two-pole voltage indicator or a multimeter in the AC voltage measurement mode.

If there is no voltage, we disassemble the socket and see if the wires are intact. If not, you need to look for problems in the wiring, but for now, an extension cord from the nearest working outlet will help you.If there is voltage in the outlet, then you need to check the cord of the washing machine, for this you need to examine the machine from the outside and determine where the wire goes, then you need to disassemble the machine body, in the beginning you can try to remove the top coverif the wire goes further - you can try to put the machine on its side ...

Electromagnets and solenoids are often used to move some kind of mechanisms, and in factories for lifting loads. The design of this device is easy to repeat and in essence is nothing but a core and a coil of conductor. In this article we will answer the question of how to make an electromagnet with your own hands?

Recall the course of school physics, namely that when an electric current flows through a conductor, a magnetic field arises. If the conductor is rolled into a coil, the lines of magnetic induction of all the turns are formed, and the resulting magnetic field will be stronger than for a single conductor. The magnetic field generated by an electric current, in principle, has no significant differences compared with a magnetic one. The traction force of an electromagnet depends on magnetic induction.It follows that the force with which a magnet attracts something depends on the current strength, the number of turns and the magnetic permeability of the medium ...

In the modern market there are a number of families and series of microcontrollers from different manufacturers, among them AVR, STM32 and PIC can be distinguished. Each of the families has found its own scope. In this article I will tell beginners about PIC microcontrollers, namely, what it is and what you need to know to get started with them.

PIC is the name of a series of microcontrollers manufactured by Microchip Technology Inc (USA). The name PIC comes from the Peripheral Interface Controller. PIC microcontrollers have a RISC architecture. RISC - an abbreviated set of instructions, is also used in processors for mobile devices.In 2016, Microchip bought Atmel, a manufacturer of AVR controllers. Therefore, the official website presents microcontrollers of the family and PIC and AVR.Among 8-bit PIC microcontrollers, it consists of 3 familieswhich differ in bit depth and a set of commands...

Light bulbs burn out from power surges, household appliances fail, and even an emergency situation in apartment wiring can occur. Increased voltage is observed during phase imbalance and other problems on the line. Let's figure out how you can protect the electrical equipment of an apartment from overvoltage.

So, for what reasons is the excess voltage in the network? Phase imbalance, surge voltage or so-called voltage surges and fluctuations caused by the difference in load at different times of the day or season. It is worth noting that GOST 29322-2014 says: “the supply voltage should not differ from the rated voltage of the system by more than ± 10%”, which for 220V lies in the range 198-242V. The phase imbalance occurs as a result of the complete burning off of the zero conductor at the entrance to the house, apartment or from the transformer substation, or a strong deterioration of its contact ...

The name "memristor" comes from two words - memory and resistor. This microelectronic component is a kind of passive component, a resistor, but unlike a conventional resistor, a memristor has a kind of memory. The bottom line is that the memristor changes its conductivity in accordance with the amount of electric charge flowing through it - depending on the value of the integral over time passing through the current component. A memristor can be described as a two-terminal with a nonlinear CVC, and with a certain hysteresis.

In the early 70s, the American professor Leon Chua proposed a theoretical model, which described the relationship between the voltage applied to the element and the current integral over time. For many years, the theory of Professor Chua remained a theory, and only in 2008Hewlett-Packard team of scientists, led by Stanley Williams, created in the laboratory a sample of a memory element...