Solar panels, also called solar panels or solar modules, are built from separate photovoltaic converters (the so-called solar cells), which are connected to each other in series and parallel circuits, collectively working as a single current source.

Actually one panel can be considered as a current source. Several solar panels form an autonomous solar power station, which can be small (if we are talking about a private house, for example) or large (if we are talking about an industrial solar power station) power. The size of a solar station depends on its purpose and on the needs of its consumer. One solar panel usually contains the number of elements in multiples of 12, namely: 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 or 72 solar cells. The rated power of one such panel usually lies in the range from 30 to 350 watts ...

Most often, speaking about the degradation of the LED, they mean the process of a gradual decrease in its brightness due to poor cooling of the crystal. Under the concept of “degradation of the LED” can also be meant the premature arrival of a semiconductor light source inappropriateness or a change in the original color temperature.

However, degradation can be caused by various reasons, despite the fact that the result always looks the same - an unacceptable decrease in the brightness of the LED or in general the cessation of emitting light in response to a power supply. LED degradation can be a real problem where color accuracy is crucial, such as in hospitals, exhibition halls, and museums. Let's look at the causes of LED degradation. So, as we have already found out, the aging process of an LED is called degradation. First of all, this is reflected in a decrease in brightness ...

In 2006, an American engineer Scott Bruso from Idaho, along with his wife Julie, created Solar Roadways. Having collected the necessary amount of money with crowdfunding, the company began to produce modular road blocks with integrated solar panels and LED inserts, coated with laminated glass, the strength of which is not inferior to concrete. The idea was so brilliant that it instantly found many supporters around the world.

Since 2014, the invention began to be introduced. For the first time it was installed in a parking lot near a supermarket. Car parking literally transformed the energy of the sun into electricity, which was then used both to illuminate the interactive parking road signs and to melt the snow. Soon, the intention of the inventor became interested outside the United States. In 2014, the idea of ​​electricity-generating paving was realized ...

Startup company Build Solar introduced its innovative technology called “Solar Squared” (Solar Square). This technology is designed to provide buildings with the ability to convert solar energy into electricity without the need for traditional solar panels.

Renewable energy experts from the University of Exeter, led by solar scientist Hassan Beig and world leading renewable energy scientists, Professor Tapas Mullik, have developed a completely new technique that can be classified as building-integrated photovoltaics. Solar Squared or Solar Square is a glass block that can be built directly into the building structure, being succinctly integrated into a particular design.Blocks can be produced in different colors and be of different sizes ...

MPPT is one of the ways to use the resources of an energy source, whether it be a solar battery or a wind generator, but in this article we will talk specifically about solar energy. Its main feature is to increase the efficiency of an alternative source by “pulling” the maximum amount of energy by choosing a specific voltage and current.

The choice of these parameters is reduced to the analysis of the current-voltage characteristics of the source and determining at what voltage and current consumption the maximum power will be consumed. That is how the abbreviation MPPT stands for - Maximum Power Point Tracking (tracking the point of maximum power). General information on the principle of operation of MPPT controllers At a glance, one might think: “Well, use the maximum voltage possible, so there will be a maximum load current ...

A memory effect is the phenomenon of a decrease in the initial battery capacity due to a consumer violating the operating mode recommended by the manufacturer. This effect got its name due to its practical manifestation: the battery seems to remember the fact that the last time it was not completely discharged, that its full capacity was not in demand, and the next time it gives off less energy than when it was new than theoretically would allow its rated capacity.

This effect affects some popular battery types: lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride. The good news is that, at an early stage, the memory effect is reversible, while in lithium-ion it does not appear at all. So if you are faced with the memory effect of the battery, then do not rush to get upset. Let’s find out for ourselves exactly what human actions contribute to the development of a memory effect in a battery ...

In the reviews of the previous article on this topic, there was a desire to make material with a more detailed step-by-step analysis of the process of writing a program in CFC inCoDeSys. Since it’s not very interesting to reassemble the circuit from the previous article, this time let's take something else as an example, for example, the once very popular pump station with pumping pumps.

So, there is a drainage type pumping station with two pumps. Water rushes into the reservoir by gravity, and the task of the pumps is to pump it out of this reservoir, in order to prevent its overfilling. One of the pumps according to the scheme is the main, the second is the backup. The scheme provides for the possibility of assigning a primary and backup pump using a switch. Initially, the pump is turned on, which is designated as the main one, and if it cannot cope with pumping out the liquid, then the standby pump is automatically turned on to its aid ...

In circuits of electronic equipment, one of the most common elements is a resistor, its other name is resistance. It has a number of characteristics, among which there is power. In this article, we will talk about resistors, what to do if you do not have a suitable power element, and why they burn out.

The main parameter of the resistor is the nominal resistance. The second parameter by which it is selected is the maximum (or maximum) power dissipation. Temperature coefficient of resistance - describes how much resistance changes when its temperature changes by 1 degree Celsius. Permissible deviation from the face value.Typically, the scatter of resistor parameters from one declared in the range of 5-10%, it depends on GOST or the technical specifications for which it is produced, there are exact resistors with a deviation of up to 1%, usually cost more ...