In the previous parts of the article, the simplest devices based on 2I-NOT logical elements were considered. This is a self-oscillating multivibrator and one-shot. Let's see what can be created on their basis.

Each of these devices can be used in various designs as master oscillators and pulse shapers of the required duration. Given the fact that the article is for guidance only, and not a description of any specific complex circuit, we restrict ourselves to a few simple devices using the above schemes.

A multivibrator is a fairly versatile device, so its use is very diverse. In the fourth part of the article, a multivibrator circuit based on three logical elements was shown. In order not to look for this part, the circuit is shown again in the figure ...

X10 is a widely used standard in home automation.

X10 defines the method and protocol for transmitting control command signals (“turn on”, “turn off”, “brighter”, “darker”, etc.) by power wiring to electronic modules to which controlled household and lighting devices are connected.

In total, up to 256 groups of devices with different addresses can be connected to the X10 network.

From the point of view of the logic of X10 network organization, all devices can be divided into two large groups: controllers and executive modules.

The controllers are responsible for the generation of X10 commands and, in addition to manual push-button control, can have a built-in timer or a specialized input device for external exposure (light sensor, infrared photo detector from a remote control, etc.) ...

Overloads in electric Networks lead to heating of wires and cables above the temperature that is permissible for them in terms of safety and reliability.

For wires and cables with rubber and plastic insulation, PUEs set the maximum permissible heating temperature + 65 ° C for a long current load. Permissible current loads depend on the cross section of the conductor, its design, cooling conditions and the laying method.

When overloaded in electric of the network aging of the insulation of conductors occurs: the rubber dries, crackes and crumbles, the plastic insulation and the shell melt and soften, the paper braid is charred ...

Description of a simple device that disconnects the load if the mains voltage goes beyond acceptable limits.

The tolerance for the mains voltage for powering household electronic and just electrical equipment is plus or minus 10%. But in the conditions of the domestic energy supply system, this requirement is often not complied with.

The voltage can be significantly too high or much lower than normal, which can lead to equipment failure. To prevent this from happening, the article describes a simple device that will disconnect the load on time before it has time to burn out.

A diagram of a fairly simple protection device is shown in the figure ...

It should be noted right away that all wiring to the meter is under the strict control of Energonadzor. This suggests that, say, the owner of the house will not mount this part of the wiring himself, except as an exception, at the appropriate stage of construction, if the owner knows how to connect the input cable (wire) to the input breaker inside the house.

But connecting to power systems is definitely prohibited.At the same time, this information will help you have an idea:

1. How the employees you hire adhere to established rules;

2. What preparatory work will have to be done;

3. What materials, types of basic work will be required and, accordingly, how much will it cost ...

Description of a simple LED garland control circuit.

Now it’s not a problem to buy a New Year's garland with a controller: there are a sufficient number of Chinese-made flashing lights on sale.

It would seem that he went, bought everything. But it will be much more pleasant if the garland is created with your own hands. It will help revive the old garlands inherited from grandparents along with old Christmas-tree decorations.

Such a control device (controller, automatic lighting effects) is not at all difficult to assemble. It is enough to make a printed circuit board and solder several parts into it ...

An article on how to choose the right section of a wire or cable

During electrical work, namely, at the stage of laying wires, cables, “Especially Advanced” customers ask why we lay, for example, sockets, a cable with a cross section of 2.5 mm square, when 1.5 mm square is enough, based on power consumption ... In this article we will try to deal with the cross-section of wires laid for various consumers.

So, on how correctly you select the cross-section of the laid wires, the further performance of consumers depends in many respects.

Wiring in a house, cottage or apartment begins with an input cable. The main load that is in the house lies on this very cable. In order to find out what section the input cable is needed, we need to count all the electrical appliances that can work in the house ...

The design of a simple timer that allows you to turn on and off the load, at predetermined time intervals. The operating time and pause time are independent of each other.

The use of timers in everyday life has now become quite common. Therefore, such a device can simply be bought at an electrical goods store. Most often, these are multichannel timers that allow you to program switching on / off at a certain time of the day, and even taking into account the day of the week.

But sometimes a timer is required that works simply according to the “work - pause” algorithm. You can turn it on simply by hand, but the operating time and pauses can be adjusted independently of each other. One of the examples when such a time relay may be needed is the “Chizhevsky chandelier” ...