Before checking any chip for performance, you need to know and understand its device, at least approximately. This is necessary in order to pre-imagine what signals or voltages to expect from a working microcircuit at its terminals. It is best to assemble a circuit for testing it, at least on a breadboard, to test a specific microcircuit - this is if the microcircuit is new or already worn out.

In general, if the device of the microcircuit is known, then in some situations it can be checked without even soldering from the board on which it is installed, simply by measuring the signals on the legs with a multimeter or an oscilloscope. Then the presence or absence of a signal or a distorted pulse shape will immediately show what is what. Suppose that the microcircuit is still installed on the board and it is undesirable to immediately solder it ...

There are several ways to connect the conductors of wires and cables. Each of them is characterized by its advantages and disadvantages. Recently, a way of connecting conductors using Wago terminal blocks has become increasingly popular. Many people prefer this method of connecting conductors due to such an advantage as ease of connection.

Using these terminal blocks, the process of wiring is greatly simplified: to connect the conductors, you do not need a special tool, nor do you need special skills and experience in conducting electrical work. Wago terminals come in several series, each of which has its own design features and method of clamping conductors. The easiest to install are the Wago 773 series self-clamping terminals and the more compact 2273 series terminals ...

A direct current is a current that almost (since there is nothing ideal in the world) changes in time, neither in magnitude nor in direction. Historically, the first direct current sources were exclusively chemical. At first they were represented only by galvanic cells, and later batteries appeared.

Galvanic cells and batteries have a strictly defined polarity, and the direction of the current in them does not change spontaneously, so chemical current sources are fundamentally direct current sources. The AA AA battery is a prime example of a modern galvanic cell. A cylindrical alkaline battery (which they like to call alkaline, while the word alkaline is translated as alkaline) contains a solution of potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte inside. At the positive pole of the battery is manganese dioxide, and at the negative - zinc in the form of a powder ...

To begin with, in a regular LED strip, regardless of whether it is single-color or RGB, all the LEDs of the tape are powered and lit at the same time, since they all receive power in parallel from one source, a driver that works according to its own algorithm, implemented directly inside the driver, and it simply supplies power to the entire tape at once, in fact - to all LEDs connected in parallel to it.

Address LED strip, in contrast to the usual, contains the so-called address LEDs. This means that although each LED receives power in parallel from a common source, each LED turns on according to an individual command, and that means that each LED can get its own unique shade, one of 255³ = 16581375 possible. Each LED in the tape has its own unique address, at which the driver accesses it using a three-bit command ...

Proper installation provides more than 50% of the ability of a fire-resistant cable line (OKL) to resist fires). We'll figure out what “competent installation” means. The concept of “fire-resistant cable line” appeared in 2013. In essence, OKL is a ready-made, laboratory-tested set of equipment for installation: a special cable and mesh for its suspension, metal trays, junction boxes, couplers, dowels, anchors.

OKL necessarily has a certificate of conformity 123-ФЗ "Technical regulation on fire safety requirements" and GOST R 53316-2009 (or GOST 31565-2012), which prescribes the installation procedure: all possible components and their combinations are considered, for each OKL configuration option are indicated uptime and fire resistance limits. If you follow the instructions from the certificate, then it is impossible to make a mistake when installing OKL. However, in practice, many installers work according to the usual pattern ...

To expand the functionality of multimeters, oscilloscopes, and other electrical measuring instruments, current sensors in the form of ticks are used - current clamps. To take measurements with clamps, they are closed into the girth of the conductor with current, and thus, without breaking the circuit and without the need to cut any shunt into the conductor, they measure.

It is simple and convenient. The device displays the measurement result on its scale in the form of voltage or current proportional to the measured current value. The advantage of the method lies in the fact that the device may not have a sufficiently wide input range, while the sensor - clamps are quite able to freely accept the conductor even with a very high current. The conductor with the measured current not only remains intact, but is always galvanically isolated from the circuits of the measuring device. The device itself may have an input circuit with a very high impedance ...

All modern microcircuits are divided into three types: digital, analog and analog-digital, depending on what type of signals they work with. Today we’ll talk about digital microcircuits, since most microcircuits in electronics are digital, they work with digital signals.

A digital signal has two stable levels - a logical zero and a logical unit. For microcircuits made according to different technologies, the levels of logical zero and unity differ. Various elements can be located inside digital microcircuits, the names of which are known to any electronic engineer: RAM, ROM, comparator, adder, multiplexer, decoder, encoder, counter, trigger, various logic elements, etc. Today, TTL technology microcircuits are most common. and CMOS. In TTL technology chips, the zero level is ...

Forums and social networks have long been the place to address many, including professional, issues. Often, experienced professionals turn to colleagues for advice. So, installers are looking for the support of designers in terms of knowledge of standards, and designers ask "practitioners" about the actual installation conditions of this or that equipment. True, some tasks are so complex that they cannot immediately find the truth and a dispute erupts. Let's try to figure out three frequent discussions.

How many places do you need to choose boxing? Given: in the electrical circuit of the switchboard, there is a VA 47-29 3P 63 A circuit breaker for input, five AD 12 2P 16 A / 30 mA differential circuit breakers and seven VA 47-29 1P 10 A. : 20 places are taken, we add a reserve of 20%, that is, four more places. ” The second side: “You should not even take less than 36 positions.It is very difficult to dodge in boxing space at 24, and all that needs to be installed there ...

Any switch that is responsible for turning on and off the light in a room, for example, must open the phase, and not zero. A phase in an AC network is one of the conductors on which an alternating voltage is constantly present with respect to the neutral conductor. The zero conductor, ideally, has zero potential relative to the ground, which always remains so in a healthy network, since the zero conductor is, by definition, grounded.

Whether the network is three-phase or single-phase, the neutral (neutral) conductor must be earthed, so it is, in principle, much safer than the phase conductor. In fact, generators and transformers have grounding, from which the electric network receives energy. If the neutral conductor is not grounded, it means that an accident has occurred in the network, a broken neutral conductor.Usually in everyday life we ​​use single-pole switches, that is, those that open or close just one wire ...

Wheatstone Bridge is an electrical circuit designed to measure the magnitude of electrical resistance. This scheme was first proposed by British physicist Samuel Christie in 1833, and in 1843 it was improved by inventor Charles Wheatstone. The principle of operation of this scheme is similar to the action of mechanical pharmacy scales, but it is not the forces that are equalized here, but the electric potentials.

The Wheatstone bridge circuit contains two branches, the potentials of the middle terminals (D and B) of which are equalized during the measurement process. One of the branches of the bridge includes a resistor Rx, the resistance value of which must be determined. The opposite branch contains a rheostat R2 - adjustable resistance. Between the middle terminals of the branches, the G indicator is on, which can be a galvanometer, a voltmeter, a zero indicator or an ammeter ...

Various electrical equipment and modern electrical networks as a whole use primarily AC for their work. Alternating current feeds engines, induction furnaces, machine tools, computers, heaters, electric heaters, lighting devices, household appliances.

It is impossible to overestimate the importance of alternating current for the modern world. However, high voltage is used to transmit electrical energy over long distances. And the equipment requires a low voltage for its power supply - 110, 220 or 380 volts. Therefore, after transmitting to a distance, the voltage must be reduced. Lowering is carried out in steps using transformers and autotransformers. In general, transformers are up and down. Step-up transformers are installed in generating power plants, where they increase received from the generator ...

An IGBT transistor (short for English Insulated-gate bipolar transistor) or an insulated gate bipolar transistor (abbreviated IGBT) is a three-terminal semiconductor device that combines a power bipolar transistor and a field-effect transistor controlling it inside one housing.

IGBT transistors are today the main components of power electronics (powerful inverters, switching power supplies, frequency converters, etc.), where they serve as powerful electronic switches that switch currents at frequencies measured in tens and hundreds of kilohertz.Transistors of this type are produced both in the form of separate components, and in the form of specialized power modules (assemblies) for controlling three-phase circuits. The fact that the IGBT transistor includes transistors of two types at once allows you to combine the advantages ...