Categories: Interesting Facts, Electrician Secrets, Controversial issues
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Why the existence of an eternal light bulb is not possible

 

Why the existence of an eternal light bulb is not possibleIn the city of Livermore (California, USA) there is a unique light bulb, which was screwed in in 1901 and has since been on without interruption. This is an absolute record that entered the Guinness Book of Records. A webcam is installed in front of a unique light bulb at Fire Station No. 6, so the light bulb can be seen on the Internet. How was this possible?

It is known that the main face of light bulb burnout is the gradual wear of a tungsten filament. This filament is heated almost to the melting point of tungsten (3300 ° C), otherwise you will not receive intense light flux. At this temperature, the tungsten atoms in the crystal lattice vibrate intensively and some of them come off and go into space, settling on the walls of the flask. Gradually, the thread becomes thinner, and in the thinnest place the temperature goes beyond the melting point, the thread burns out.

Obviously, to increase the life of the bulb, it is necessary to install a thicker thread. But at the same time, to maintain the resistance of the thread, it is necessary to increase its length. A twofold increase in the diameter of the filament leads to an increase in the mass of tungsten by 8 times. And tungsten is an expensive metal, so current light bulb manufacturers are trying to save it.

But there is another reason for lamp wear, which almost no one knows about. The fact is that thin glass of a flask in a heated state passes gas. There are tables for different glasses and different gases at different temperatures. For example, 1 cm2 of a glass surface with a thickness of 1 mm for 1 s and with a pressure difference of 1 mm Hg. passes 6.5 * 10 in (-12) degree cm3 of nitrogen at a temperature of 600 ° С (the main part of air).

Let us calculate the bulb temperature of a standard 40-watt bulb with a bulb surface area of ​​200 cm2 and a tungsten filament surface area of ​​(approximately) 0.3 cm2, i.e. the difference is 660 times.

Using the calculation method according to the Stfan-Boltzmann law and taking into account that all the infrared radiation of the thread heats the flask (visible light is not more than 3%), we obtain the temperature of the flask of about 400 ° C (everyone can make sure that this is done by touching the flask glowing light bulb). Further, taking the glass thickness of the flask flask 0.5 mm, the pressure difference 760 mm RT.article. and the time is 1 year, we get the penetration of gas into the lamp about 4-5 cm.

For several years, if the filament does not burn out, the lamp will fill with gas, a gas discharge will occur, and with it the ion bombardment of the filament. Then this thread will thin out faster. Thus, in order to create an incandescent lamp with a long service life, it is necessary: ​​to install a thick tungsten filament, increase the surface area of ​​the lamp bulb (in this case, the bulb temperature will become lower and gas leakage will decrease), increase the glass thickness of the bulb lamp.

Obviously, these conditions were fulfilled in a long-lived lamp. And the current manufacturers do not want to fulfill these conditions, firstly, for reasons of economy (tungsten and glass), and secondly, manufacturers are simply not interested in producing “eternal” bulbs (otherwise they will “burn out”).

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    Comments:

    # 1 wrote: Sergei | [quote]

     
     

    As noted, the life of an incandescent lamp is determined by the evaporation of the heated filament material. A continuously burning lamp (for example, on a landing in a high-rise building) will burn out earlier. Therefore, the easiest way to increase its service life is to reduce the burning time, i.e.turn it on only when necessary, namely when someone is in the room. This can be done using circuit breakers with motion sensors (but only if the switch provides shock-free current supply to the lamp circuit, which is not typical for all models). These gizmos are inexpensive, they work for a long time, and given that not only does the lamp last longer, but energy is also saved (primarily on the same stairs), it seems to me that you should seriously consider using them (or else in this area we are behind the entire planet).

     
    Comments:

    # 2 wrote: you | [quote]

     
     

    Anti-scientific bullshit. The author skipped a school physics course.

     
    Comments:

    # 3 wrote: andy78 | [quote]

     
     

    you But can you give me more details on why you got this? Preferably with your arguments. And then everyone at the school once taught physics and simply referring to the fact that someone there didn’t learn something without concretizing the facts is somehow not very beautiful. In general, we are waiting for a normal comment.

     
    Comments:

    # 4 wrote: | [quote]

     
     

    If the lamp is supplied with low voltage, its service life can increase hundreds of times.

     
    Comments:

    # 5 wrote: | [quote]

     
     

    I answer the question. This article has no connections:

    1) The article says that ... Obviously, to increase the life of the bulb it is necessary to install a thicker thread. But at the same time, to maintain the resistance of the thread, it is necessary to increase its length.

    However, in this case, the area of ​​the spiral will increase, and according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law mentioned in this article, the temperature, and therefore the efficiency, will decrease.

    2) I did not measure the temperature of the lamp, but in my opinion it was not taken into account that not all infrared light heats the bulb (some will pass).

     
    Comments:

    # 6 wrote: MIKADO | [quote]

     
     

    There is a good film about light bulbs, and about kapron, and about biotechnology ... it tells about a specially developed OUTDOOR THEORY. The light bulb, TV, telephone, microwave oven work exactly the period of the warranty period.

     
    Comments:

    # 7 wrote: | [quote]

     
     

    As an electrophysicist and collector of vintage lamps, I note.
    BEFORE EVERYTHING - in this Shelby Mazda lamp the thread is not tungsten, but even carbon and quite fat. These lamps are generally tenacious.

    1. Bulbs of old lamps are almost three times thicker than modern ones; the thickness of some customers reaches 1.2 mm. Specifically, this one (Shelby Mazda-Edison) has 0.8 - 0.86 mm.
    2. The diameter of the bulb in old lamps, whether Mazda-Edison or Westinghouse, is much larger.
    3. The spiral heats up much less visually by color temperature than modern lamps and heats the bulb very, very weakly. You can personally verify this by going to the Moscow Lights Museum and touching the lamp with your hands. The temperature of even a 60-watt lamp on the surface of the bulb is 70-80 degrees at full load, by no means 400.
    4. FIRST Little secret - voltage until 1956 in the USA was not very well normalized and tested and, as a rule, it was below 125 volts, for which this lamp was designed.
    5. SECOND little secret - the bulb of the lamp was tempered and kept in a solution for some time, after which the surface of the lamp got a metallic shade - maybe this also affected.

    And ... the last little secret - I’m sure that the lamp has already been changed, but it’s not customary to talk about it. To get an identical NEW (not used) lamp in the USA is not a problem, but even a poor museum can afford it. In any case, this museum competes with me at auctions precisely for these lamps ... oh, I think not in vain, they have a reserve and not one.
    Who is curious about the long-lived lamp - write :)

     
    Comments:

    # 8 wrote: | [quote]

     
     

    Impossible is written together. The author, campaign, not only skipped physics.

     
    Comments:

    # 9 wrote: andy78 | [quote]

     
     

    Alexey, you, too, wrote a misspelled word, it is correct to write "spelled". Did you go out with the author?

     
    Comments:

    # 10 wrote: Maksim | [quote]

     
     

    I don’t understand how the author calculated ...

    "...A twofold increase in the diameter of the filament leads to an 8-fold increase in the mass of tungsten ... "

    the thread is essentially a cylinder, the volume of which will be V = PiD ^ 2 * L / 4 (D is the diameter, L is the length, Pi is 3.14159 ...). The mass of the thread is m = V * p (V is the volume, p is the density). So if you double the diameter, then the mass will increase only 4 times. The author skipped not only physics, but also mathematics.

     
    Comments:

    # 11 wrote: | [quote]

     
     

    After increasing the diameter, the resistance of the thread decreased, it was necessary to return the previous resistance, they achieved this by increasing the length by half. 4 * 2 = 8

     
    Comments:

    # 12 wrote: | [quote]

     
     

    Since November 2013, the exact same bulb (from the same batch) was exhibited in the exposition "Historical and unusual bulbs" of the museum "Moscow Lights" is the 4th hall, showcase number 2. You can ask the guide to turn on the lights.

     
    Comments:

    # 13 wrote: | [quote]

     
     

    I carefully read the article, I decided to write your comments here. There is nothing eternal! Even our Sun will go out tomorrow, after the combustion of all H2 fuel (hydrogen). Everything changes and dies in Cosmos and nature. Conclusion: it is not possible to create a perpetual motion machine, based on the law of physics "on energy conservation", it is not possible to create an eternal light bulb. I agree with one that you can extend the life of the bulb up to 5000 hours, but the price of such a bulb increases exponentially. Therefore, this lamp is not beneficial for the manufacturer, and an expensive lamp for the consumer. By the way: yesterday I looked at YouTube Video called "The Effect of a Light Bulb" and it mentioned this eternal light, which has been lit since 1901 on the Fire Station. There is a video camera aimed at this light bulb. PS: Thanks to the author of this article for tips on choosing a quality incandescent light bulb when buying in a store today. I liked it.

     
    Comments:

    # 14 wrote: Vladimir Kornienko | [quote]

     
     

    In the century before last (like Lodygin) he showed a lamp with coal thread, which worked for 15 years continuously. But in modern lamps there is no vacuum for a long time, instead of it - xenon, krypton, sometimes helium or hydrogen.