The first fluorescent lamps were created in the USA in the 30s of the last century. Their active implementation began in the 50s and 60s. Currently, fluorescent lamps in their distribution occupy the second place in the world after incandescent lamps.

One of the main disadvantages of conventional linear fluorescent lamps is their size. Manufacturers of fluorescent lamps have always sought to reduce their size. And only in the 80s after the creation of new high-quality phosphors it was possible to reduce the diameter of the lamp tube to 12 mm and bent it many times to get a lamp with a compact design. Over time, lamp manufacturers managed to reduce their size and weight so much that they became able to replace incandescent lamps almost everywhere. So a compact fluorescent lamp was born ...

Nowadays, almost everyone can assemble and get at their disposal their independent source of solar-powered electricity (in the scientific literature they are called photovoltaic panels).

Costly equipment is compensated over time by the ability to receive free electricity. It is important that solar panels are an environmentally friendly source of energy. In recent years, prices for photovoltaic panels have dropped tenfold and they continue to decline, which indicates great prospects for their use.

In a classic form, such a source of electricity will consist of the following parts: directly, a solar battery (DC generator), a battery with a charge control device and an inverter ...

Externally, the electronic transformer is a small metal, usually aluminum case, the halves of which are fastened with just two rivets. However, some companies produce similar devices in plastic cases.

To see what is inside, these rivets can simply be drilled. The same operation will have to be done if an alteration or repair of the device itself is planned. Although at its low price it is much easier to go and buy something else than to repair the old.

The circuit diagram for the device is not attached, as well as for all current electronic devices. But the scheme is quite simplecontains a small number of parts and therefore the circuit diagram of an electronic transformer can be copied from a printed circuit board ...

The article talks about the design of LED lamps. Several schemes of different complexity are considered and recommendations are given for the independent manufacture of LED light sources connected to a 220 V network.

As a result of the global crisis, the problem of energy conservation has become even more urgent throughout the world. In this regard, from September 1, 2009, in 27 countries of the European Union, the sale of incandescent lamps with a capacity of 100 or more watts has already been banned. And already in 2011 in Europe, it is planned to introduce an embargo on the sale of the most popular 60-watt light bulbs for buyers. By the end of 2012, a complete rejection of incandescent lamps is planned.

The U.S. Congress passed a law on the rejection of incandescent lamps in 2013. According to these laws, residents of the European Union and the United States will fully switch to energy-saving light sources - fluorescent and LED lamps ...